Current pathophysiological understanding of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1,*Archi Suthar and 2Guno Sindhu Chakraborthy
1Department of Pharmacology, 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, P.O. Limda, Waghodia, Vadodara-391760 (India) *Corresponding Author: archisuthar134@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Among all the types of diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevailing type. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is knotty and involve many factors that contribute to the disease progression. Obesity, and the combination of genes along with environmental variables are thought to be the key causes of disease development. Environmental factors include mainly obesity and sedentary lifestyle as main culprits along with other factors such as age and diet playing a role. Genetic factors include various polymorphisms with in certain genes and with environmental factors manifest the phenotype of the disease. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, fluctuating levels of impaired insulin production and its action on targeted organs is seen. The clinical features of the disease rely exclusively on assessments of raised glycemia without a clear understanding of the pathology behind it. As a result, treatment focuses solely on lowering blood glucose levels without the knowledge of the underlying cause. As such, targeting and focusing on the specific etiology responsible for the disease in a particular patient can help achieve targeted blood glucose levels along with reducing the risk of developing the complications related to the disease. The review focuses on the brief outline of various pathologies affecting or playing a part in T2DM progression and hence can furnish insights for a better treatment or prevention for the disease by targeting the specific etiology.