Endocrine, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Butylated Hydroxyanisole: A Review
Shikha Sethiya1 and Varsha Dhurvey2*
1,2*Department of Zoology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur-440033 (India) Email address: 1 shikhasethiya1@gmail.com ; 2*varshadhurvey@yahoo.com Orcid ID: 1 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0003-871X ; 2*https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-0941 *Corresponding Author, E-mail: - varshadhurvey@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a widely used synthetic antioxidant found in processed foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and packaging materials. While its efficacy in preventing oxidative degradation is well-established, growing toxicological evidence has raised concerns about its potential effects on reproductive health. This review consolidates and critically examines findings from studies that explore BHA’s impact on reproductive function in both males and females. Experimental studies have shown that BHA acts as an endocrine disruptor, leading to hormonal imbalances such as reduced levels of thyroxine and testosterone. At higher doses it has been observed to decrease the weights of reproductive organs, disrupt estrous cycles, delay sexual maturation, and impair sperm quality and motility. BHA exposure has been associated with a reduced male-to-female sex ratio, shortened anogenital distance, delayed sexual maturation, behavioral abnormalities, and reduced weight gain in offspring, indicating potential developmental and reproductive toxicity. This review highlights critical toxicological evidence and underscores the need for comprehensive, long-term research to better inform health risk assessments.